The main reason couples divorce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The principle reason couples separate - Essay Example Sexual orientation and Society development assume a significant job in the event of separation prompting numerous reasons why couples wind up separating. The most considered reasons are an absence of duty, unreasonable desires, absence of correspondence in the relationship, misuse, and disloyalty, absence of correspondence and budgetary issues. These issues can be forestalled or fixed on the off chance that they occur (Lyngstad, 52). Responsibility in a relationship is basic as it brings a drawn out view in the relationship that helps couples not get overpowered by difficulties and issues they face in their everyday life. High responsibility in a relationship is fundamental as the couple will have a sense of security and will give all the stuff the relationship to turn into a triumph. Sexual orientation and Society development with respect to the nature and jobs the male and female sex plays a keyâ role in the event of separation. Be that as it may, now and again separate is essenti al as it helps in safeguarding the ethical limits of marriage. As per an investigation led by Amato, the most widely recognized reasons, why couples get separated, is absence of responsibility. From the investigation results, 73 percent of the exploration members recognized an absence of couple’s responsibility as a significant purpose behind separation. Different reasons given in the examination included disloyalty 56 percent, a lot of contending in the relationship 55 percent, ridiculous and clashing desires in the marriage 46 percent, early relationships 45 percent, money related issues 41 percent, male manliness and absence of uniformity 44 percent and relationship misuse 29 percent. From the rundown, it is conceivable to fix a large number of the issues raised above and forestall separate from event. It is basic for couples to figure out how to maintain a strategic distance from their damaging contentions and tackle their issues to make more noteworthy desires in their marriage. In any event, harming issues, for example, treachery un dertakings in a relationship can be

The market mechanism is the only effective way to allocate resources Essay

The market instrument is the main compelling approach to dispense assets. Examine - Essay Example 8). This article investigates the different parts of the serious market economy and examinations the way that the assets can be assigned most proficiently if the economy works in a serious system. Conversation and Analysis In a free market economy the cost and the amount of the item requested is dictated by the market powers of interest and gracefully. As per the hypothesis of interest as the cost of an item builds the amount requested for the item gets diminished. Then again, different things staying consistent as the cost of an item diminishes the interest for the item increments. The converse connection between the cost and the interest for a ware offers ascend to a descending slanting interest bend. The gracefully bend for a ware is anyway upward rising bend. The balance cost and amount is dictated by the cooperation of the interest and the flexibly bends (Samuelson and ?Nordhaus, 2010, p. 57). This market component has been clarified with the assistance of the accompanying graph . Figure 1: Interaction of Demand and Supply Source: Besanko and Braeutigam, 2010, p. 36 In the figure it is seen that the underlying interest bend id D1 and the underlying gracefully bend is S. Presently the market will arrive at harmony at the point A where the amount requested for the item would coordinate the amount provided. Now the amount requested would be Q1 and the amount provided would likewise be Q1. The cost at which the market balance would be reached is P1. This cost is neither controlled by the purchasers or the merchants yet the consolidated powers of the interest and gracefully existing in the market. Presently assume the market interest for the item increments from D1 to D2, with a similar degree of market gracefully the cost of the item will increment to P1 and the amount requested of the item would increment from Q1 to Q2. Consequently the new market balance would be changed to B. At the point B the amount requested would coordinate the market gracefully. The int erest bend would move to one side because of an assortment of reasons. At the point when the pay of the people increment the discretionary cashflow of the individuals would increment and it would prompt an ascent in the interest for a specific item. Thus the flexibly of items may likewise diminish because of an assortment of reasons. At the point when the cost of the crude materials builds the organizations can't gracefully the item at a similar expense. In this manner the gracefully diminishes. Therefore the balance cost and amount would experience change. Figure 2: Shifts in the Supply Curve Source: Besanko and Braeutigam, 2010, p. 36 In this figure the decrease in the gracefully of the ware pushes the flexibly bend to one side. The amount gracefully lessens from Q1 to Q2 however the cost increments from P1 to P2. In this manner at a similar degree of market request the new balance is shaped at the point B. The interest and flexibly powers would act normally in a free market where there are no limitations by the legislature. This is valid for the splendidly serious markets where none of the purchasers or the merchants has the ability to control the cost in the market. Hence a serious market is one in which there would be enormous number of purchasers and venders (Petri, 2004, p. 77). The venders would have their mean to expand the benefit of

5 Differences Between Coaching and Psychotherapy

5 Differences Between Coaching and Psychotherapy More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy If you are interested in changing your life for the better, speaking with someone on the outside of your life can be extremely helpful. Psychotherapy and coaching are two services that have helped countless people live their best lives, but they are often confused, as there is a great deal of overlap between each of these fields. Coaches vs. Psychotherapists Here are five differences between  coaching and psychotherapy to help you decide who might be more suited to help you along your journey. Psychotherapists Treat Mental Illness While Coaches Do Not One of the most important distinguishing factors between psychotherapists and coaches is that psychotherapists are trained to help people who are facing mental illnesses, and coaches are not. Even though a great  deal of stigma exists around mental illness, mental health problems are more common than ever, impacting about one in four Americans at some point in their lifetimes. If you are seeking help for a common mental health problem such as depression, anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), psychotherapy is the way to go. Past vs. Future Orientation Generally speaking, coaching is more focused on helping you achieve your future  goals, while psychotherapy tends to have more of a past and present focus. That being said,  many coaches should be able to help you understand how the past contributes to your present, and psychotherapists can help you achieve your future goals. The focus in psychotherapy is more on healing from the past, while the focus in coaching is more on getting you to where you wish to be next. Differences in Payment Because psychotherapy is about treating a mental health problem, it may be covered by your insurance company if you meet the criteria for a mental health disorder and the insurance company deems psychotherapy medically necessary to help you get better. Coaching is typically not covered by health insurance because the focus of coaching is not on treating an illness.   Accreditation   In order to legally provide psychotherapy, one requires an advanced degree and a state license to practice. To obtain a license to practice psychotherapy, one needs to meet certain criteria which include an exam and a certain number of supervised hours of practice.   While there are many certification programs for coaching, there are no governing boards for life or success coaches. Despite a lack of a governing board in the field of coaching, many coaches offer tremendous services and some originally practiced as psychotherapists. Services Psychotherapists face more restrictions than coaches in terms of where and how they are able to offer services. They must be licensed in the state in which they practice, for example, while coaches can work throughout all of the United States and internationally. Psychotherapy is more traditionally offered face to face in an office, while coaching happens frequently over the phone or via the internet. Even so, some psychotherapists offer services over the phone or via the internet and some coaches have offices in which they see clients. Some coaches choose to meet with clients in a public setting, which is  rarer for psychotherapists. The above differences are generalizations and do not apply to all psychotherapists and coaches. In reality,  the differences between two psychotherapists or two coaches may be greater than the difference between a  coach and a psychotherapist, depending on who they are. If you are not clear on whether or how to choose a psychotherapist or coach,  interview a few from each profession and ask them about their approaches. Do your research to make sure that their backgrounds are legitimate, and choose the one that feels right for you. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

How Technology Affects Human Life - 1549 Words

How Technology Affects to Human s Life In modern society, technology is an integral part of human life. Many people think that technology has a positive impact because it helps them a lot. In many ways, technology has helped human beings to adapt to an easier way of life. People can use technology for communication, transportation, education, manufacturing and so much more. However, some people believe that technology has a negative impact because many people have become very dependent on it. Technology changes the way people feel, think, interact, and experience their reality. In my opinion, I agree with them. Technology has decreased the need for social interaction, changed people s behavior, and had harmful effects on people s health. Does technology have a negative impact to human s life? Yes, it does, because it has decreased the need for social interaction. Communication is the glue that helps people deepen their connections to others and improve teamwork, decision-making, and problem-solving. The way in which people communicate with others is changing drastically, and not for the better. Although technology has provided an opportunity to find and get in touch with others and allowed people to maintain relationships with their friends and family who may not be close to them, people s relationships with others in their direct social circles are suffering. For example, many people use their cell phone and laptop to play games, chat with friends, and post updatesShow MoreRelated Effects of Technology on People Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesDoes technology affect people or do people affect technology? Technology affects every aspect of our lives, we all use it every day with little thought. People take it for granted, sometimes knowing little about what brought that technology into existence. At the same time older generations have a hard time adopting the new technologies and continue to favor technology they are accustomed. The idea of technology is as ol d as the human race. To understand technology; first we need a common definitionRead MoreTechnology And Technology Essay780 Words   |  4 Pages Technology Men who were exposed to electromagnetic radiation from laptop Wi-Fi for four hours had sperm with DNA damage and decreased motility. Technology can be good but as the saying goes, a little too much of something can be bad. Technology is great but can have a huge impact on an individual. Too much technology can even affect families and the way people communicate and socialize with them. All of this can also affect people in the long run. How would someone’s life be if all they do is surroundRead MoreThe Veldt by Ray Bradbury1233 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"I fear the day that technology will surpass our human interaction. The world will have a generation of idiots†-Albert Einstein. This quote demonstrates that as technology develops and introduces itself more into society, it gains control over humans. Technology has transformed into a huge problem in our societies, since now it’s really important for our lives. Many people are addicted to technology and use it i n their daily routines. They use it everywhere they go, like the bathroom and even beforeRead MoreNegative Effects Of Humanoid Robots1545 Words   |  7 PagesNegative Effects of   Humanoid robots Humanoid robots take place of human environments, work   and lifestyle as, artificial comprehensive and robots replace a lot more human workers over the next few decades.    Recently, humanoid   creation were increasing around world. According A 2013 Oxford University study, â€Å"estimates that 47 percent of U.S. jobs could be replaced by robots and automated technology within the next two decades† ( Clifford 1) . Lately there were news that spread wild around worldRead MoreNew Era of Cyberpunk Literature Essay540 Words   |  3 PagesThrough years of advancements in the world, technology has become greatest aspect. The development of technology by incorporating the human mind and culture has brought about a new era. These are the criteria of cyberpunk literature, in which William Gibsons Johnny Mnemonic is a good example of cyberpunk literature. The novel reflects on how the human mind has been incorporated into the advanced technological world. This relates to cyberpunk literature because it follows the same ideas, butRead MoreIndividual Controversy in the Classroom Soc/110 Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology: How it affects the Hu man Species Liberio Miguel SOC/110 01 July 2013 Larry Bohleber Technology: How it affects the Human Species Technology has improved the human species by providing information around the world, leading to developments in different countries. Biotechnology is improving the world of medicine, agriculture, and energy production. In the medical world, technology has a big impact by helping scientists and doctors figure out how to fight offRead MoreInvention Is the Mother of Necessities1649 Words   |  7 Pages† - Marshall McLuhan Questions We Ask Ourselves Marshall McLuhan s saying, Invention is the mother of necessities, is an example of wit. How is it witty? What is the original saying? You need wit to think about technology, for wit demands creative thinking. And once you start thinking creatively, you start to see the effect of technology on us all. The usual saying is, Necessity is the mother of invention. That makes sense: right now, for example, the world may be running out of oilRead MoreTechnology s Effects On The Future Job Market1263 Words   |  6 Pagesare optimistic about how these technological advancements can help citizens in their daily lives. A growing trend in the world has been the constant revelations in technology that has shaped the society we live in today. There have been many people who complain about the problems that plague the world and very few are willing to make a change in the world. Technology can be the solution or the problem for making the world a better place. Lots of individuals say that technology having a big role willRead MoreAddiction to Technology1174 Words   |  5 Pageslog in late at night? If you answered â€Å"often† or â€Å"always,† technology may be taking a toll on you (Parker). Technology is merely a way of life to society today. It is fused into everyday life and is constantly linked to basic human affairs. Technology impacts other topics such as consumption, the environment, popular culture, education, and the media. Although the world needs certain technology devices to handle difficult tasks that humans alone cannot; cellphones, televisions, and computers are causingRead MoreEssay on â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid† and â€Å"Get Smarter†1370 Words   |  6 PagesHumans are becoming more technologically-efficient every day. New inventions and innovations are constantly being made. The Internet is becoming more â€Å"reliable† every day. However, how much do we really get from the c onstant advancement of Internet use and smarter technology? Should we look at their contributions to the world as a benefactor or a curse? The common effect of â€Å"artificial intelligence† in the technology we use every day is examined by two brilliant authors, Nicholas Carr and Jamias

Brownies Free Essays

Brownies became popular across America beginning in the sass. Today, a search in the internet can discover over 100,000 brownie recipes. The variations seem endless, containing everything from candy to coffee beans (Blitz, 2014). We will write a custom essay sample on Brownies or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a new variation, the company presents a new taste of brownies having Morning Leafier or better known as Malagasy as the flavor because of its growing popularity and relevance. Malagasy is a popular backyard plant in the Philippines. It is once known as a poor man’s vegetable, but is now garnering international attention as a â€Å"superegos† of miracle tree† with its proven nutritional value and many uses (Gasman, 2013). This product intends to offer people a healthy lifestyle featuring the extra benefits and nutritional values of the said plant, for this product will be presented as a food supplement to children, teenagers and adults. Studies show that the Malagasy plant is widely used as herbal medicine for a number of illness and other practical uses. Malagasy is known as a very nutritious plant, where it is used to combat malnutrition in third world countries especially for infants and mothers, and also as having antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti fungal repertories (AN Part, 2003). These studies prove the effectiveness of the plant and its great help to people’s health that is why this plant was chosen as the new flavor of the brownies. Nowadays, people are looking for differences and distinctions between products and so, companies are challenged in developing new products for people. This product is a solution to people who needs food supplements, but do not want to take the usual medication like in the forms of capsules, syrups, etc. This company is working to offer food supplements in the form of Malagasy brownies. People, who will avail the said product, will get to have the all-time favorite dessert, the brownies plus take pleasure in and have the benefits of the very nutritious Malagasy plant. Thus, the Morning Leafier or Malagasy plant is chosen as the raw material of the product which is food supplements in the form of brownies. This product will be offered to suit the needs of people who are in need of help to their health featuring the nutritional values and many benefits of Malagasy. REFERENCES Blitz, l. (25 June 2014). Failed Cake to Family Favorite: Brownie History. Retrieved from http://www. Prepares. Org/Assets/files/Brownie_Recipe_Handout. PDF. Gasman, M. (21 November 2013). Malagasy (Morning)-the World’s â€Å"Superegos†. Retrieved from http://www. Classicist. Com/Malagasy-morning-worlds-superegos/. AN, K. Part, L. (2003). Malagasy Uses, Health Benefits, Side Effects, Preparation. Retrieved from http://www. Indistinguishable. Com/articles/Malagasy. HTML. BUSINESS DESCRIPTION The main purpose of the business is to provide a healthy lifestyle and living in the present generation specifically to children with ages 7-12, teenagers 13-19 and adults tit ages 20 and above. The company will provide food supplements in the form of Morning Leafier or Malagasy brownies as the products. These brownies will offer the unique benefits and nutritional values of Malagasy leaves and plant to health. To be able to produce the product, the company will be offering a partnership to the Malagasy Plantation in Apace, Nag City. This plantation will provide the Malagasy plant as the main ingredient or raw material of the brownies as food supplements. The partnership will be having 70% of the revenues for our company and the engaging 30% for the Malagasy Plantation. The Cacao Farm and Industries will also be another supplier for our company. The company will be management. Under this, there will be subgroups such as the Financial, Operational and Human Resources departments. The Malagasy Plantation will be the head for the Operational department and under them is the Cacao Farm and Industries together with the other suppliers. Job Descriptions: General Manager The general manager conducts and administers the overall undertaking in the business. The general manager will asks for the reports and updates from the line managers regarding the business dealings delegated to each of them. Checking the performance of all the managers is also a duty of the general manager. The general manager will also help draw ideas and thoughts together with the other managers to come up with a rational, agreed result in order to achieve the company’s objectives. Financial Manager The financial manager is in charge with the overall financial affairs of the business. He identifies costs relating to the business. He keeps the book of accounts and monthly reports. He is also in charge in the preparation of the financial statement. Productions and Operations Manager The productions and operations manager has the task of buying the needed ingredients for the production of the products. He is also commissioned to make an inventory system. He is involved with the planning, coordination and control of manufacturing processes. He ensures that goods and services are produced efficiently and that the correct amount is produced at the right cost and level of quality. Sales and Marketing Manager The sales manager has the task of monitoring the sales. He is also tasked with the costs needed in making long-term plans for the business. He furthermore studies and analyses the changes in the market trend and come up with appropriate innovations in the product that will suit customer’s taste and preferences. The sales manager studies and reports the supply and demand trends in the business. The marketing manager is in charge of formulating strategies to improve public relations. He also makes a wide campaign via calling cards, referrals of the baked products to make the business recognized. He is also asks for comments, makes surveys from customers and develops strategies to meet their expectations. Human Resources Manager Human resources manager develops, advises on and implements policies relating to the effective use of personnel within an organization. His aim is to ensure that the organization employs the right balance of staff in terms of skills and experience, and that training and development opportunities are available to employees to enhance their performance and achieve the employer’s business aims. In the present times, the company will Just be proposing the Malagasy brownies, but will not be limited to it in the near future. The company will be extending their reduces in terms of new flavors for the brownies or new forms of the Malagasy food supplements. Product development and innovation will be used as marketing strategies of the company depending on the sales and opinions or feedback from the people. The company will do research to give the customers their satisfaction. At the end of the year, the company is tasked to have paid the liabilities from the capital. The company must also seek to improve the lifestyles of people as its main purpose and must have provided positive comments and effects to people who will avail the product. OPERATIONAL PLAN The business will communicate with the customers through direct selling or house- to-house selling or person-to-person selling. The company aims to provide the customers an easy way of reaching the product. Another way to promote the product is through the use of social media such as Faceable, Twitter and other websites. Customers are free to contact the company regarding the product or send an email to our official page. The pricing strategy will be based on the materials used and each will cost 25 pesos and a box of 12 will cost 290 pesos (A 3-percent discount is offered). The product does not look like the usual brownies which shapes as square or rectangle, but will be circular in appearance or will look like cupcakes. Customers will be given the chance to avail membership worth 3,000 pesos as an initial payment and will have certain discounts and other benefits. For those who will avail the membership, they will have an additional two boxes of the products for one year. The company plans to a consignment for our product to different stores in Nag City particularly in terminals, cafeteria, canteens and eateries. But, the business intends o operate primarily by accepting orders from customers through mobile, e-mail and other means of communication. How to cite Brownies, Papers

Managing Motivation at Technocraft free essay sample

Motivation at Technocraft Lea Darrigade Ines Gyselinck Mary Sagala Benjamin Seban Intercultural Management BS 1 Christophoros Lambridis I. Introduction This report talks about the working motivational problem shown by the workers in a small factory named Technocraft, located in the South East of England. It had slowed down the company’s function in producing high-quality sound recording equipment. The problem has risen to high labor turnover and difficulties in recruiting new employees. It led George Orwell Newell, the company chairman, to hire a consultant named Helen McKiernan to figure out the sources of the problems. In order to help figuring out the problem, George Orwell told Helen about his hypothesis of the lack of motivation in workers is because company’s location which is in the below-average national unemployment are, therefore most of the women workers, who work on the wiring, had no real reason to work since they already have husbands who can earn adequate wages to fulfill living necessities. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Motivation at Technocraft or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, Helen did not want to conclude the problem there. When Helen had done her research, she found out that the workers actually enjoyed their work, but hate to work for the company. In other words, the problem that halted the working motivation in workers is the management itself. II. Forms of inefficient management that leads to the lack of working motivation. a) Uncomforting regulation on working performance In a company, it is important to keep the relationship among the workers, including the manager and chairman, to be good so that they can have comfort in doing their jobs. However this failed to happen in Technocraft. This problem occurred since George elected Robert as the wiring Department supervisor. In order to boost the company’s production, Robert ended all informal working practices and excessive talking among the women workers on the shopfloor. Since then, all the wiring workers have resented his presence. This made the workers to be depressed working for the company. Moreover there was lack of honesty in Robert, when he did mistake in recognizing two women workers, who were late to work, with Elena and Veronica, who were hardworking workers in the company. Even though, he knew his mistake afterwards, his ego was too high to accept his mistake and apologize to Elena and Veronica. This caused the intense relation between workers and their advisors, which then lead to the slow growth of working production in the company. b) Productivity rise vs. Worker’s rewards From this report, we can see how productivity and motivation show their positive relation. Therefore company would do anything to increase the worker’s motivation. For example, in Technocraft, to increase their productivity, George initiated a program called â€Å"employee morale-boosting† to intensify worker’s motivation to do their jobs. To achieve a long-term progress in their work, there should be fairness and sincerity in all the effort that the manager do to boost the motivation in workers. For example, when George told the workers that they would obtain rewards if they work hard until they can achieve the production target of the year, however when the target was achieved, all the worker got was just tee-shirt. This shows no fairness to the workers. It showed no equality between the reward and the hard works that had been done. George doesn’t want to increase the production cost by giving them more bonus or other reward that are more equal to the workers’ hard works. III. What Helen George should do a) Build good relationship among the low-skilled workers, their advisors and chairman In order to start a better future working expectation, George should apologize for the inconvenience and unfairness that happened to the workers. Therefore, workers can be more convinced for a better working condition that would happen in the future. This should be the initial step to be done by George. On the other hand, Helen can help to convince the workers, by telling them that her research would help convey their burdens to the managers so they can be solved immediately. ) Enact a better management system 1) Be more understanding with employees behavior In order to improve the motivation in working, regulation established within the company should emphasize the comfort of workers. For example, there is no need to stop the out-of-work conversations among the workers while they are working because it would make the workers less comfortable in doing their works. I t becomes more unnecessary if the works are easy to do. In addition, advisors need to listen more to the workers’ excuse for doing their mistakes. This is the only way to separate forgivable mistakes from the unforgivable ones. It becomes a forgivable mistake, if it cannot be avoided or there is logical reason behind it. This would help build a better relation between the workers and their advisors, which create comfort to workers to do their jobs. 2) Pay the employees who work over time Last but not least, the company should pay an appropriate bonus wage the overtime workers. This has a big contribution to grow their motivation since there is an equivalent reward to achieve with the right amount of hard works to do. This policy would bring profit not only to the workers, but also to the company because it can obtain more productivity from the workers. Some people may think that this would increase the short-term cost of production. However the long-term profit would outweigh the short-term cost. Moreover the higher cost of production can be covered by higher price of the products. These higher price would then lead more profit, since the products would be produced more cause by the increase in worker’s motivation. Therefore, this idea would bring benefit to the company in the long term. IV. Effects of the solutions a) Do nothing By doing nothing, the problem remains and the company may lose profits and portrays a weak image of him to his co-workers. But by doing nothing can give positives ways such as cheap in the short- term and avoiding the risks of making bigger mistakes b) There would be no more labor turnover difficulties in recruiting new employees. After all, these solutions would bring more comfort to the working condition in the company. There is would less reason for worker willing resign. Moreover, it could lead to a competition for people to work there. Hence, managers or chairman need to keep a management that benefits both the workers and the company. c) Find a new management system The good management would automatically lead to better relation among workers, which then brings a better working atmosphere to work better. If this could happen, the productivity of the company would increase. On the other side, we don’t know if the new manager will be better than the other one: nicer, understanding and skilled. If we take this risk, it will take a lot of time and costs and at the end we are sure of nothing. If the manager d). Pay the employees working overtime. It could drive the employees and would out perform themselves, and also bring a long term financial investment for the company but could get more costs in short-term too. V. Theory and Conclusion We can see that the way George ‘s running his company would correspond to the Mc Clelland’s 3 needs theory. He wants to exercise influence and control others (Npower). He is looking for success and he fears of failure (Nachievement). Nonetheless he does not take care of his employees; he does not pay attention to his social group. In conclusion George does not follow the right way, he should follow the Frederick Herzberg ‘s theory, which means motivate his employees to do well job , respects hygiene in order to obtain job satisfaction from the employees. So finally the best solution for George and his company would be to pay more attention to the employees, make them feel good in the company, show that George is involved in the production process and moreover give to people the money they deserve. So it is a combination of the solution two and three.

Battle of Cedar Mountain - Civil War - Northern Virginia Campaign

Battle of Cedar Mountain - Civil War - Northern Virginia Campaign Battle of Cedar Mountain - Conflict Date: The Battle of Cedar Mountain was fought August 9, 1862, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Major General Nathaniel Banks8,030 men ​Confederates Major General Thomas Stonewall Jackson16,868 men Battle of Cedar Mountain - Background: In late June 1862, Major General John Pope was appointed to command the newly formed Army of Virginia. Consisting of three corps, this formation was tasked with driving into central Virginia and relieving pressure on Major General George B. McClellans beleaguered Army of the Potomac which was engaged with Confederate forces on the Peninsula. Deploying in an arc, Pope placed Major General Franz Sigels I Corps along the Blue Ridge Mountains at Sperryville, while Major General Nathaniel Banks II Corps occupied Little Washington. An advance force from Banks command, led by Brigadier General Samuel W. Crawford, was posted to the soth at Culpeper Court House. In the east, Major General Irvin McDowells III Corps held Falmouth. With the defeat of McClellan and the Union withdrawal to the James River after the Battle of Malvern Hill, Confederate General Robert E. Lee turned his attention to Pope. On July 13, he dispatched Major General Thomas Stonewall Jackson north with 14,000 men. This was followed by an additional 10,000 men led by Major General A.P. Hill two weeks later. Taking the initiative, Pope began driving south towards the key rail junction of Gordonsville on August 6. Assessing the Union movements, Jackson elected to advance with the goal of crushing Banks and then defeating Sigel and McDowell in turn. Pushing towards Culpeper on August 7, Jacksons cavalry swept aside their Union counterparts. Alerted to Jacksons actions, Pope ordered Sigel to reinforce Banks at Culpeper. Battle of Cedar Mountain - Opposing Positions: While waiting for Sigels arrival, Banks received orders to maintain a defensive position on the high ground above Cedar Run, approximately seven miles south of Culpeper. Favorable ground, Banks deployed his men with Brigadier General Christopher Augers division on the left. This was composed of Brigadier Generals Henry Prince and John W. Gearys brigades which were placed on the left and right respectively. While Gearys right flank was anchored on the Culpeper-Orange Turnpike, Brigadier General George S. Greenes under-strength brigade was held in reserve. Crawford formed to the north across the turnpike, while Brigadier General George H. Gordons brigade arrived to anchor the Union right. Pushing across the Rapidan River on the morning of August 9, Jackson advanced with three divisions led by Major General Richard Ewell, Brigadier General Charles S. Winder, and Hill. Around noon, Ewells lead brigade, led by Brigadier General Jubal Early, encountered the Union line. As the remainder of Ewells men arrived, they extended the Confederate line south towards Cedar Mountain. As Winders division came up, his brigades, led by Brigadier General William Taliaferro and Colonel Thomas Garnett, deployed on Earlys left. While Winders artillery rolled into position between the two brigades, Colonel Charles Ronalds Stonewall Brigade was held back as a reserve. The last to arrive, Hills men were also retained as a reserve behind the Confederate left (Map). Battle of Cedar Mountain - Banks on the Attack: As the Confederates deployed, an artillery duel ensued between Banks and Earlys guns. As the firing began taper around 5:00 PM, Winder was mortally wounded by a shell fragment and command of his division passed to Taliaferro. This proved problematic as he was ill-informed as to Jacksons plans for the impending battle and was still in the process forming his men. In addition, Garnetts brigade was separated from the main Confederate line and Ronalds troops had yet to come up in support. As Taliaferro struggled to take control, Banks began an assault on the Confederate lines. Badly beaten by Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley earlier in the year, he was eager to obtain retribution despite being outnumbered. Surging forward, Geary and Prince slammed into the Confederate right prompting Early to return from Cedar Mountain to take personal command of the situation. To the north, Crawford attacked Winders disorganized division. Striking Garnetts brigade in the front and flank, his men shattered the 1st Virginia before rolling up 42nd Virginia. Advancing into the Confederate rear, the increasingly disorganized Union forces were able to push back the lead elements of Ronalds brigade. Arriving on the scene, Jackson attempted to rally his former command by drawing his sword. Finding that it had rusted in the scabbard from lack of use, he instead waved both. Battle of Cedar Mountain - Jackson Strikes Back: Successful in his efforts, Jackson sent the Stonewall Brigade forward. Counterattacking, they were able to drive back Crawfords men. Pursuing the retreating Union soldiers, the Stonewall Brigade became overextended and was forced to retreat as Crawfords men regained some cohesion. Despite this, their efforts permitted Jackson to restore order to the entire Confederate line and bought time for Hills men to arrive. With his full force on hand, Jackson ordered his troops to advance. Pushing forward, Hills division was able to overwhelm Crawford and Gordon. While Augers division mounted a tenacious defense, they were forced to retreat following Crawfords withdrawal and an attack on their left by Brigadier General Isaac Trimbles brigade. Battle of Cedar Mountain - Aftermath: Though Banks attempted to use Greenes men to stabilize his line, the effort failed. In a last gasp attempt to rescue the situation, he directed part of his cavalry to charge the advancing Confederates. This attack was repulsed with heavy losses. With darkness falling, Jackson elected not to conduct a long pursuit of Banks retreating men. The fighting at Cedar Mountain saw Union forces sustain 314 killed, 1,445 wounded, and 594 missing, while Jackson lost 231 killed and 1,107 wounded. Believing that Pope would attack him in force, Jackson remained near Cedar Mountain for two days. Finally learning that the Union general had concentrated at Culpeper, he elected to withdraw back to Gordonsville. Concerned about Jacksons presence, Union general-in-chief Major General Henry Halleck directed Pope to assume a defensive posture in northern Virginia. As a result, Lee was able to take the initiative after containing McClellan. Coming north with the remainder of his army, he inflicted decisive defeat on Pope later that month at the Second Battle of Manassas. Selected Sources Civil War Trust: Battle of Cedar MountainFriends of Cedar Mountain CWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of Cedar Mountain